What is Diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterised by dysfunction of the pancreas. The pancreas releases the hormone insulin into the bloodstream in order to control the blood glucose level and stimulate the uptake of glucose into cells.
What causes diabetes in Guinea pigs?
It can be diet related, caused by an incorrect, carbohydrate heavy diet - for example, heavy use of foods such as fruit forming a greater part of the diet than is appropriate. Dietary causes is the most common reason for diabetes in guinea pigs, however it can also be spontaneous, or linked to hereditary and viral causes.
How common is diabetes in guinea pigs?
It is not very common, although it is sometimes diagnosed in guinea pigs.
What are common symptoms seen with diabetes?
These signs can be attributed to many other illnesses or diseases; therefore, it is important that if the above signs are observed that the guinea pig is taken to the vet to be examined and further tests carried out as appropriate.
How is diabetes diagnosed in guinea pigs?
A tiny blood sample can be used to measure blood glucose levels using a glucometer. Raised blood glucose levels can indicate diabetes, however a stressed or unwell guinea pig may also have high blood glucose levels. It is therefore imperative that other possible causes or a raised blood glucose level due to stress is ruled out. Repeat samples can help to increase the suspicion of diabetes.
A glucose tolerance test may also be used, the guinea pig is fasted for 18 hours and the blood glucose level is measured, it is then given an oral dose of glucose. Four hours later if the blood glucose level has more than doubled then a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is confirmed.
Analysis of the urine is also used alongside blood testing. Glucose in the urine is identified easily using a dipstick. It is also important that any underlying bacterial cystitis is also diagnosed and treated.How is diabetes in guinea pigs treated?
Treatment of diabetes is primarily dietary correction, encouragement of a healthy diet can control diabetes and, in some cases, reverse it. A healthy diet which all guinea pigs should receive (including those with diabetes) consists of:
- Unlimited good quality hay, this should make up around 80% of the diet.
- Good quality pellets (around an egg cup full per guinea pig a day, and about 5% of the diet), avoid muesli based dry food which can lead to selective feeding.
- Fresh leafy vegetables and herbs (such as kale and parsley).
- Avoid fruit and treats which are often high in sugar and carbohydrate.
Guinea pigs that are drinking more and therefore urinating more will need appropriate management, ensuring that their cage is kept clean. Litter trays may help with keeping on top of cage hygiene. It is important that food sources are not restricted.
Most often injectable insulin is not used in the management of diabetes in guinea pigs. Insulin is not metabolised in the same way as dogs and cats and therefore less commonly used. However, it is important that you follow your vet’s guidance with the care and treatment of your own pet.
What is the prognosis for a guinea pig with diabetes?
Generally, management of diabetes is possible with dietary modification. Offering a balanced and healthy diet is imperative not only for guinea pigs with diabetes, but for all guinea pigs. A healthy diet gives the best chance for a healthy pet. In some cases the signs and symptoms will be reversed and the Guinea pig will go into remission when the diet is corrected, therefore generally speaking the prognosis is good.