Is obesity genetic in dogs?

When we consider obesity in our furry friends, the first things to assess are diet and exercise. Many a pet owner would have heard their vet suggest decreasing meal sizes and treats, or walking more often or further. While it’s true that feeding habits and exercise play a huge role and are often to blame when faced with an obese pet, science has shown us that genetics may also make some dogs more likely to gain weight than others. Like with people, certain genes can influence a dog’s metabolism, appetite, and fat storage. One particular gene, known as POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin), has been linked to obesity in some dog breeds. So, what is the POMC gene and is it to blame for our obese pets?

Canine obesity

According to the British Small Animal Veterinary Association (BSAVA), obesity is defined as “a condition characterised by excess adiposity, arising from multifactorial causes which, in some cases, can have both direct and indirect health consequences.” So, an excess of fat due to a variety of different causes, which has negative effects on overall health. The size of a pet can be quickly assessed, both in and out of clinic, via their Body Condition Score (BCS). It is a hands-on assessment of their fat covering over the ribs, spine, and waistline.

For the ideal weight, the ribs are easy to feel, the waist is visible, and the dog has a natural “tuck” behind the ribcage. Whereas, for obese dogs, the ribs are very difficult to feel, the waist is absent and the abdomen may sag.

Why does obesity matter?

Similarly with humans, carrying excess weight puts dogs at risk of:

Joint disease such as osteoarthritis and cruciate ligament injury.

Metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance.

Hormonal diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism.

Lung disease and worsening cardiovascular status.

Urinary system problems such as stones.

Certain cancers including mammary cancer.

Other problems such as high blood pressure, heat intolerance and reduced lifespan (studies suggest up to 2 years shorter in some breeds).

So, while overweight dogs may be seen as “cute and cuddly,” the health consequences are quite serious.

Is obesity always about overfeeding?

It’s tempting to think that obesity is simply the result of “too much food in, not enough exercise out.” While this is a large part of the equation, this way of thinking often oversimplifies the problem. Some of our pets are born athletes, who would happily spend the day running after a ball or exploring the great outdoors. However, some are… not so athletically minded.

Like people, dogs have different personalities and some would be quite content sitting on your lap all day. Likewise, some dogs can eat relatively modest amounts of food and still gain weight easily, while others seem to eat constantly yet stay lean. This difference, whilst lifestyle and personality still play a role, is likely due to the underlying biological drivers of weight regulation. This is where genetics comes in.

How does genetics influence weight?

In humans, we know that body weight is influenced by dozens of genes related to appetite, metabolism and fat storage. The same is true in dogs.

Genes can affect:

Appetite control: some dogs may feel hungrier because their brains don’t register “fullness” properly.

Energy expenditure: some dogs naturally burn more calories at rest than others.

Fat storage: certain genetic variants can increase how efficiently fat is stored in the body.

However, this doesn’t mean that genetics alone causes obesity. It would be more accurate to say that these genes create a predisposition, they would be more likely to be overweight or obese. A genetically at-risk dog will still only gain weight if given too much food or exercised too little. But it does mean that some dogs are “wired” to find weight management harder than others.

The POMC gene. What is it and how is it related to obesity?

One of the most important genetic discoveries in canine obesity research is the POMC gene, standing for pro-opiomelanocortin. POMC is a gene that helps regulate appetite and energy balance; it plays a key role in telling the brain when the body has had enough food.

The POMC gene produces proteins that interact with the brain’s satiety centre – the part of the brain that signals feelings of fullness. It tells our dogs when they feel full, so they’ll stop eating, thus preventing overeating.

The POMC deletion mutation

In 2016, researchers discovered that some dogs have a deletion mutation in the POMC gene. This means a mutation, or error, has caused the removal of part of the POMC gene, so it becomes malformed and doesn’t work properly. The deletion occurs in the gene section that normally produces hormones involved in appetite regulation. So, dogs with this mutation feel less full after eating, are more food-motivated and subsequently have a higher risk of obesity.

Which breeds are affected?

The POMC mutation is particularly common in:

Labrador Retrievers.

Flat-coated Retrievers.

Interestingly, the mutation is found at a higher frequency in Labradors trained as assistance dogs. Researchers suggest that their strong food motivation has made them easier to train, leading to selective breeding for this trait – though it has also accidentally increased their obesity risk.

Other breeds have been studied, but so far, Labradors and Flat-coated Retrievers are the most strongly linked to the POMC deletion.

Can we test for the POMC mutation?

Yes. Genetic tests are available that can identify if your dog carries the POMC deletion. This can be useful for:

Owners of Labradors/flat-coated Retrievers who want to understand their dog’s risk.

Breeders aiming to reduce obesity predisposition in future generations.

However, it is important to note that testing isn’t essential for most owners. Even without genetic testing, managing weight is generally about the same principles: appropriate diet, controlled portions, and plenty of exercise. However, in all cases your vet will be able to advise you on the benefits and drawbacks of such testing, and if they recommend it for your specific pet.

How common is genetic obesity in dogs?

While the POMC mutation is significant, it is not the only factor.

Most breeds: obesity is usually due to environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle.

Certain breeds: genetics may contribute more strongly. For example, some breeds are known for being “greedy”; however, not all have a proven genetic link like Labradors.

Mixed breeds: can also inherit predispositions depending on their ancestry.

So, while genetics do play a role, they don’t override the importance of correct feeding and exercise. A Labrador with the POMC mutation is at higher risk of becoming obese, but it is not a definite if carefully managed.

Practical implications for owners:

If your dog is from a breed known to carry a gene such as POMC, or if you suspect they are simply more prone to weight gain, there are quite a few things you can try:

1. Know your dog’s ideal weight

Ask your vet for your dog’s ideal body weight and body condition score. This is your target.

2. Portion control

Weigh food with scales rather than scoops, which tend to be more inaccurate.

Stick to the recommended daily allowances from your vet/vet nurse or food manufacturer.

Remember to account for treats in the daily total.

3. Choose food wisely

Choose diets with high-quality, balanced protein, fibre, and fat.

Special weight management diets are available.

Avoid human foods and calorie-dense extras.

4. Limit treats, use alternatives

Try low-calorie options like carrot sticks.

You can try offering a portion of their daily kibble as training rewards.

Focus on play, praise, and toys instead of food-based rewards.

5. Increase activity

Regular walks, games and mental stimulation help burn calories.

Swimming, scent work and agility can be great for high-energy breeds.

6. Regular weigh-ins

Weigh your dog monthly at home or at the vets.

Small weight gains are easier to fix early than once obesity is established.

7. Work with your vet and vet nurse

Some breeds may benefit from genetic testing for POMC.

Vets and vet nurses can recommend weight-loss programs and special diets if needed.

The future of canine obesity research

Understanding the role of genes like POMC is just the beginning of canine genetic research. Research continues into:

Other genetic variants that may influence appetite and weight.

How diet can be tailored to an individual dog’s genetic makeup.

Whether targeted therapies could help dogs with obesity-related mutations.

Key takeaways:

Obesity in dogs is a serious health issue that reduces quality of life and lifespan.

While environment (diet and exercise) is the biggest factor, genetics also play a role.

The POMC gene mutation makes some Labradors and flat-coated Retrievers more prone to obesity by increasing appetite and food motivation.

Genetic predisposition makes dogs more likely to be overweight or obese – owners can successfully manage their dog’s weight with careful feeding, exercise, and veterinary support.

Early prevention is always better than treatment – keeping your pet a healthy weight from puppyhood is the best for long-term health.

Conclusion

So, is obesity genetic in dogs? The answer is: partly.

Some dogs are indeed genetically predisposed to gain weight, particularly those with mutations in the POMC gene. These dogs may feel hungrier, be more motivated by food, and find weight management more difficult. But genetics alone doesn’t make a dog obese – how we feed and exercise them plays the decisive role.

Obesity related genes do not necessarily make your dog obese. With the right care, even a Labrador with the POMC mutation can live a lean, healthy, and active life. Awareness, prevention, and consistency are key.

At the end of the day, the most powerful factor in your dog’s weight and health is you – the owner. By working with your vets and vet nurses, keeping a close eye on your pet’s body condition, and making thoughtful choices, you can help your pet thrive, no matter what their genes say.