Dogs are a bit like people; some handle the heat better than others! But there is one type of dog that suffers more than most during warm summer weather. Short-nosed dogs, also known as brachycephalic, are less able to cope than their longer-snouted relatives. 

In this article, we’re going to explore brachycephalic dogs in more detail, focusing on the anatomical issues that cause them to struggle when temperatures rise. We’ll also look at how to manage a dog with heatstroke and ways to keep your flatter-faced friend safe. 

What is a brachycephalic dog? 

The term brachycephalic is used to describe a dog that has a shorter-than-average skull. This gives their face a flattened appearance which some may describe as ‘pushed in’. These features are seen in breeds like Pugs, French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, Boxer dogs, Pekingese and Shih Tzus. 

For interest, a dog with a longer and more narrow than average nose is referred to as dolichocephalic and includes breeds like Greyhounds, Whippets and Afghan hounds. Dogs with average-shaped skulls, like Labrador Retrievers and Beagles, are referred to as mesocephalic. 

What is brachycephalic obstructive airway disorder (BOAS)? 

While their shorter-than-normal noses give them their characteristic look, these cute features come at a price. Many brachycephalic dogs suffer from breathing issues due to anatomical abnormalities. This can affect dogs to varying degrees. However, even those that suffer with airway restrictions at the milder end of the spectrum can start to show signs of struggling when they exercise, environmental temperatures rise, or they become stressed. Carrying extra weight can also make things worse. 

Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is the name given to these breathing issues. This covers a range of impairments, including narrowed nostrils, a narrowed trachea (windpipe), an overlong soft palate, and changes around their larynx (voice box). All these anatomical problems compromise the normally smooth flow of air into the lungs. It also affects the dog’s panting ability, reducing the effectiveness of their main natural cooling mechanism. 

Why do brachycephalic dogs overheat? 

Dogs rely on panting to release excess body heat. They don’t sweat as we do; instead, they rely on evaporation of moisture from the tongue and airways. This is usually an effective system, but it only works well when air flows freely. 

As we discussed earlier, brachycephalic dogs have airways that are restricted due to a variety of anatomical issues. For these dogs to try to achieve the same airflow, they have to pant harder and put more effort in than a mecocephalic or dolichocephalic dog. Even then, their ability to cool down is still not as effective. 

Certain brachycephalic breeds are at especially high risk of heat-related illness compared to Labrador Retrievers (used as an “average” dog), according to stats quoted by the UK Brachycephalic Working Group (BWG) – 

  • (English) Bulldog: 14 x risk compared to Labrador Retrievers 
  • French Bulldog: 6 x risk compared to Labrador Retrievers 
  • Dogue de Bordeaux: 5 x risk compared to Labrador Retrievers 
  • Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: 3 x risk compared to Labrador Retrievers 
  • Pug: 3 x risk compared to Labrador Retrievers 

Some of these flatter-faced dogs may cope ok under everyday conditions, but the following factors could tip them over the edge: 

Warmer-than-average temperatures 

During warmer weather, the amount of effort that brachycephalic dogs put into panting can in itself raise body temperature. This then becomes a vicious circle, with the affected dog getting hotter and hotter. 

Temperatures don’t have to be really hot for this to happen. Even slightly warmer than average temperatures of 21 – 24C can cause some brachycephalic dogs to struggle. So, bear this in mind, and take extra precautions with flatter-faced dogs, at any time when the weather is warm – not just during heatwaves. 

Increased humidity 

Evaporation doesn’t happen as easily when the environment is humid, so panting won’t be as effective. For a dog whose panting is already suboptimal, this can cause big problems. Extra care needs to be taken with these dogs on muggy days. 

Excitement, stress and exercise 

Exercise, stress and excitement all raise internal body temperature. To lose excess heat, dogs will start panting to cool off again. As we discussed earlier, this can be a challenge for some brachycephalic dogs at the best of times due to their increased breathing effort, but particularly in hot or muggy weather. Dogs can overheat during play sessions, car journeys or going to an event. It’s best not to let these dogs get too worked up in warm weather for this reason. 

Excess bodyweight 

Dogs that are overweight have to work harder to breathe, due to the pressure caused by carrying too many extra pounds. For a dog whose breathing is already impaired, this could be catastrophic. Plus, we know that fat acts as an insulating layer, trapping body heat, so overweight pets are also at a disadvantage for this reason. 

What are the signs that a brachycephalic dog is struggling in the heat? 

Some brachycephalic dogs are noisy breathers under normal circumstances, but owners must know what’s typical for their pet. 

An increase in breathing rate, effort, or noise could indicate that your short-nosed dog is struggling. 

If you notice any changes like this at all, then you must stop what your pet is doing, move them to a cool, shady area, offer them cool water, and help them to calm down.  

In dogs with airway issues, heatstroke is a real risk, and it can progress rapidly. 

Signs of heatstroke include: 

  • Excessive panting: If your dog is panting heavily or excessively, and doesn’t seem to be showing any signs of slowing down, then they could be overheating. 
  • Distressed breathing: If your dog is struggling for breath or their breathing noise is increased, then this can be a warning sign. Other noises like gagging or snorting might also be heard. 
  • Lethargy, shaking or weakness: Overheated dogs may initially seem slower than usual, wobbly, or dazed. Shaking and weakness may be seen. If things are left to progress, your dog might collapse. 
  • Excessive drooling: Your dog might have excessive drooling, which is usually thicker than usual. 
  • Changes in gum colour: Gums may appear bright red, or alternatively more pale than usual. 
  • Vomiting and diarrhoea: Dogs suffering from heatstroke may have vomiting and diarrhoea, which could be bloody. 
  • Loss of consciousness, seizures and death: Heatstroke can cause fatal organ failure. 

What should I do if I suspect my dog is overheating? 

If you suspect heatstroke, you must start cooling your dog immediately, before transporting them to a vet. 

Dogs that have been actively cooled before being brought to their vet have a lower mortality rate than those transported straight away. 

To start reducing your dog’s temperature: 

  • Immediately get them somewhere cool and shady. 
  • Soak their coat thoroughly with cool water. Any water that is cooler than your dog’s body temperature will help, so don’t waste time – use whatever you have to hand. Icy water is fine; the risk of causing shock is extremely low. Never cover your dog with a damp towel as this will prevent evaporation and trap body heat. 
  • Place an electric fan in front of them, if you have one. 
  • Offer them cool water to drink, if they are conscious, but don’t force them to accept it. 
  • Ring your vet to tell them that you will be bringing your dog in for further examination and treatment. 

How can I keep my short-nosed dog safe this summer? 

First, it’s important to adjust for brachycephalic dogs at lower temperatures than you might do for other types of dogs. As mentioned earlier, some short-nosed breeds may struggle at temperatures of 21C or above. 

These tips will help to keep your pet safe: 

  • Exercise your pet early in the morning or in the evenings. If you are unable to take them out at these cooler times, it might be best to miss a walk altogether. No dog has died from missing a walk or two, but plenty have died from heatstroke. Look at other ways to stimulate your dog at home instead. 
  • Choose your exercise sensibly. A gentle evening stroll in shaded woodland with a stream will be far better for a short-nosed dog than jogging or continuous ball chasing in a sunny park. 
  • Paddling or swimming can help to keep pets cool, but make sure they are not over-exerting themselves. Jumping in and out of the water or playing fetch repeatedly can still cause their internal body temperature to rise. 
  • Consider walking your brachycephalic dog in a harness instead of with a collar and lead. Leads that pull on a collar can compress the airways, which can make breathing difficulties worse and impair the cooling effects from panting. 
  • For their normal cooling methods to be effective, your pet must be well hydrated. Drinking water should always be available in warm weather, so consider taking a travel bottle and bowl for your dog if you are out walking. 
  • Brush your dog regularly to remove loose fur from their coat. This extra insulation is not ideal in the summer. You may also want to consider having their fur clipped shorter if they have a thick coat. 
  • Never leave your dog in a stationary car or a conservatory in warm weather. Even if the windows are down, both temperature and humidity will rise quickly, overwhelming your dog’s natural cooling mechanisms. 
  • Avoid unnecessary travelling on hot days and keep your dog at home. Definitely don’t take them out to local events with you, and also consider rescheduling routine appointments like the vet or the groomer.   
  • Keep your pet at an ideal bodyweight. Overweight dogs are more prone to heatstroke, so monitor your pet’s body condition score regularly and ensure they are receiving a healthy diet. 
  • Speak to your vet about BOAS surgery if your dog struggles with their breathing generally. This could significantly help to improve their quality of life, as well as help them to cope a bit better in warm weather. 

Summary 

Owners of brachycephalic dogs must take extra precautions in warm weather. Even dogs with only mild respiratory compromise can struggle to cope when temperatures and humidity rise, so it’s best to be sensible. Remember that your flatter-faced dog is at a disadvantage compared to dogs with longer noses, so adjust for them during warm weather. 

If you suspect your dog is suffering from heatstroke, remember to get them wet and THEN take them to a vet. By starting the cooling process before transporting them to your vet, you could save their life.