Laryngeal Paralysis in Dogs

Laryngeal paralysis is a condition that affects the upper part of a dog’s airway and can significantly impact their ability to breathe comfortably. It occurs when the nerves and muscles responsible for opening the larynx (voice box) during inhalation fail to function properly. As a result, the airway becomes partially or completely obstructed, making it harder for air to pass through – this is especially noticeable during exercise or in warm weather. While it can sound serious and even frightening, many dogs respond well if diagnosed early and receive appropriate treatment. With the right care, they can continue to enjoy a good quality of life and stay active and happy.

In this article, we’ll explore what laryngeal paralysis is, why it occurs, how to spot the signs, and what treatment options are available. We’ll also look at long-term management and lifestyle adaptations that can help your dog stay happy and healthy.

What is Laryngeal Paralysis?

The larynx is located in the throat and plays a key role in breathing, vocalisation, and protecting the airway during swallowing. In dogs with laryngeal paralysis, the muscles responsible for opening the laryngeal cartilages (arytenoid cartilages) do not work as they should. Normally, these cartilages open wide when a dog breathes in, allowing air to flow freely into the lungs. In affected dogs, one or both sides of the larynx remain partially or fully closed, leading to a narrowed airway.

The most common form in dogs is acquired idiopathic laryngeal paralysis, which means it develops over time and the exact cause is unknown. It is most often seen in older, large-breed dogs, particularly Labrador Retrievers. There is also a congenital form that can affect younger dogs, such as Siberian Huskies and Dalmatians.

Clinical Signs of Laryngeal Paralysis

The clinical signs of laryngeal paralysis can be subtle, to begin with, but often worsen over time. Typical signs include:

Noisy breathing (especially on inhalation)

A harsh or raspy voice/bark

Increased panting, even at rest

Exercise intolerance or reluctance to walk

Coughing or gagging, particularly when eating or drinking

Cyanosis (a bluish tint to the gums, indicating low oxygen levels)

Episodes of collapse, particularly after exertion or excitement

These symptoms are often more noticeable in warm or humid weather when dogs naturally pant more to cool down. As the condition progresses, some dogs may become anxious or distressed due to the increased effort needed to breathe.

What Causes Laryngeal Paralysis?

In many cases, laryngeal paralysis is considered idiopathic, meaning we’re unable to pinpoint an exact underlying cause. This is particularly common in older, large-breed dogs, and it can be frustrating not having a specific explanation. However, research and clinical experience have highlighted several known causes and contributing factors that may play a role in the development of this condition.

Generalised polyneuropathy

One of the most significant associations is with generalised polyneuropathy. This is a neurological disorder where multiple peripheral nerves throughout the body begin to malfunction, often due to degeneration. When the recurrent laryngeal nerves – which control the muscles responsible for opening and closing the larynx – are affected, it leads to the characteristic signs of laryngeal paralysis. Importantly, this nerve damage isn’t confined to just the larynx. Dogs may go on to develop weakness in their hind limbs, changes in gait, or even difficulty swallowing, as other nerves become affected.

In recent years, veterinary neurologists have started to better understand a condition called Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis Polyneuropathy (GOLPP). This term describes a slowly progressive, age-related neurological disorder that goes beyond just the larynx. Dogs with GOLPP often first present with breathing changes linked to laryngeal paralysis, but over time, they may also develop signs of generalised polyneuropathy – such as hindlimb weakness, wobbliness, or difficulties rising. Some may also experience oesophageal dysfunction, which can lead to regurgitation and an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia.

Hypothyroidism

This condition, where the thyroid gland underperforms and doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone, has also been linked to laryngeal paralysis. While the relationship isn’t entirely straightforward, not all dogs with hypothyroidism develop laryngeal paralysis. However low thyroid hormone levels can negatively impact nerve health and may contribute to the condition, particularly as part of a broader neuropathic process.

Trauma or surgical complications can also be to blame

Injuries to the neck or chest, for example, from a road traffic accident, a bite wound, or even a surgical procedure such as a thyroidectomy or cervical spinal surgery – can damage the recurrent laryngeal nerves. This kind of damage may not always be immediately obvious, and symptoms can sometimes appear weeks or even months later, as the nerve gradually degenerates.

Masses in the neck

Another potential cause includes tumours or space-occupying masses in or around the neck or upper chest. These can physically compress the recurrent laryngeal nerves or infiltrate the surrounding tissue, disrupting normal nerve function. Tumours affecting the vagus nerve – which gives rise to the recurrent laryngeal nerve – or other structures in the mediastinum (the area between the lungs in the chest) can also be involved.

Inflammatory neuropathies

Some systemic or immune-mediated diseases may also trigger inflammatory or degenerative changes in peripheral nerves, although these are less common causes. Rarely, congenital laryngeal paralysis can be seen in younger dogs and is typically inherited. Breeds like the Siberian Husky and Bull Terrier have been known to have forms of the condition.

Diagnosing Laryngeal Paralysis

If you suspect your dog may have laryngeal paralysis, it’s important to make an appointment to see your vet. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of:

Clinical history and physical examination – your vet will listen to your dog’s breathing and assess their general health

Laryngoscopy – this involves a light sedation and a visual examination of the larynx to see how it moves when your dog breathes in. In dogs with laryngeal paralysis, the arytenoid cartilages fail to open as they should. Your vet will be able to see this when looking down your dog’s throat.

Blood tests – to check for underlying conditions like hypothyroidism or other systemic issues

Imaging – such as chest x-rays or advanced imaging (e.g., MRI) to rule out masses or other causes of nerve damage

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, conservative management may be appropriate, while more advanced cases may require surgery.

Conservative Management:

For dogs with mild symptoms, lifestyle changes can make a big difference:

Avoiding heat and humidity

Limiting strenuous exercise

Using a harness instead of a collar to avoid pressure on the throat

Weight management

Sedatives or anti-anxiety medications if stress worsens symptoms

Surgical Treatment:

The most common surgical treatment is called a unilateral arytenoid lateralisation, often referred to as a “tie-back” surgery. This involves permanently pulling one side of the larynx open to improve airflow.

The procedure is usually performed by a specialist veterinary surgeon and can significantly improve breathing and quality of life. However, it does carry some risks, particularly aspiration pneumonia (where food or water is inhaled into the lungs).

Post-Operative Care and Monitoring:

After surgery, dogs need careful monitoring and a gradual return to normal activity. Key aspects of post-op care include:

Feeding a soft diet or using food that reduces the risk of aspiration

Elevating food and water bowls

Avoiding swimming (due to the risk of water entering the airway)

Regular follow-ups with your vet to monitor recovery

Living with a Dog with Laryngeal Paralysis

With proper care, many dogs with laryngeal paralysis can continue to enjoy a good quality of life. Here are some tips for managing the condition long-term:

Regular vet check-ups – to monitor for progression or complications

Temperature control – keep your dog cool in warm weather

Mobility support – if your dog also develops hindlimb weakness (as can happen with GOLPP), ramps, non-slip flooring and mobility aids may be helpful

Emergency planning – know when to seek urgent veterinary help, e.g., if your dog is in respiratory distress

Prognosis for Dogs with Laryngeal Paralysis

The long-term outlook for dogs diagnosed with laryngeal paralysis can vary considerably depending on several factors, including the underlying cause, the severity of clinical signs, the age and overall health of the dog, and whether or not surgical intervention is pursued. For many dogs, especially those undergoing a procedure such as the “tie-back” surgery mentioned above, the prognosis is generally favourable. Most owners report a marked improvement in their dog’s breathing, energy levels, and exercise tolerance following recovery. Surgery can significantly enhance the quality of life and often leads to a return to relatively normal daily activity.

For dogs in the early stages of the condition or for those who are not ideal candidates for surgery due to age, comorbidities, or financial constraints, conservative management may be appropriate. As mentioned above, this might involve lifestyle changes such as weight management, avoiding heat and overexertion, using harnesses instead of collars, and possibly using anti-inflammatory medications or sedatives during episodes of respiratory distress. While this approach doesn’t correct the underlying problem, it can help some dogs remain comfortable and stable for a period of time.

It’s also important to consider that in cases where laryngeal paralysis is part of a broader neurological condition like Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis Polyneuropathy (GOLPP), affected dogs may gradually go on to develop additional signs of nerve dysfunction. This may include generalised weakness, difficulty with coordination, or issues with swallowing and regurgitation due to oesophageal dysfunction. With good supportive care and ongoing veterinary guidance, many dogs with GOLPP do continue to enjoy a good quality of life for a substantial period after diagnosis.

Regular check-ups, early intervention if complications such as aspiration pneumonia occur, and a tailored management plan can all contribute to improved outcomes.

When to Seek Urgent Veterinary Attention

You should contact your vet immediately if your dog:

Shows signs of severe respiratory distress (e.g., gasping for air, blue gums, collapse)

Has persistent coughing or gagging

Develops signs of aspiration pneumonia (e.g., fever, lethargy, coughing, loss of appetite)

Conclusion

Laryngeal paralysis can sound like a frightening diagnosis, but with the right knowledge and support, it can be managed effectively. Many dogs cope very well after treatment and go on to enjoy many more years with their families. Whether through surgery or conservative care, there are plenty of ways we can help your dog breathe easier and live more comfortably. If you have any concerns about your dog’s breathing or exercise tolerance, please don’t hesitate to speak to your vet – early diagnosis really can make all the difference.