Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is one of the most common spinal conditions affecting dogs. It is frequently seen in breeds with long backs such as Dachshunds and Basset Hounds. The disease occurs when the discs between the vertebrae, which act as shock absorbers, start to degenerate and can bulge or burst out of their place. When this occurs, unwanted pressure is placed on the spinal cord and nerves, leading to pain, weakness, and even paralysis.
Early recognition and treatment of this disease can greatly improve outcomes for affected dogs. It is important that owners are aware of the condition and can spot the signs in their furry friends. This article will delve into the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and surgical interventions available for dogs suffering from IVDD.
What is Intervertebral Disc Disease?
Intervertebral Disc Disease in dogs is a degenerative condition that affects the spinal discs, which act as cushions between the vertebrae.
Intervertebral discs are soft, fibrocartilaginous cushions located between the vertebrae in the spine. They act as shock absorbers, allowing for flexibility and movement in the spinal column.
They have a hard fibrous outer layer (the annulus) and a jelly-like centre (the nucleus).
For various different reasons, these discs can deteriorate, bulge, or rupture, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. IVDD is commonly seen in certain breeds, due to their body structure and genetics. The disease can cause varying degrees of pain, weakness, and even paralysis depending on the location and severity of the disc damage. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing IVDD, as untreated cases can lead to permanent neurological damage.
You may have heard of this condition being called a slipped disc, or a disc herniation.
Types of Intervertebral Disc Disease
IVDD is classified into two main types:
Hansen Type I IVDD:
This happens suddenly and is characterised by the sudden rupture of the disc. Type 1 disease is usually seen in younger dogs under 5 years of age. It is more commonly seen in breeds like Beagles, Dachshunds, and French Bulldogs.
The degeneration that occurs causes extrusion (herniation) of the nucleus pulposus (the inner jelly-like core) through the annulus fibrosus (the fibrous outer layer).
Hansen Type II IVDD:
This type develops more gradually. The disc degenerates slowly over a long period of time. It is often seen in older dogs and larger breeds. It can cause chronic pain and neurological problems.
Causes of Intervertebral Disc Disease
The cause of IVDD is essentially the presence of a herniated disc which compresses and damages the spinal cord. There are several factors that contribute to the development of IVDD in dogs:
Genetic Predisposition
Certain breeds of dogs, especially those with short legs and long backs (such as Corgis and dachshunds), have a genetic predisposition to IVDD. This is linked to the structure of their spine and discs. These dogs are sometimes known as “chondrodystrophic breeds”. Chondrodystrophic breeds have a genetic mutation that affects the development of cartilage, leading to a distinctive body structure characterised by short legs and a long body. The abnormal cartilage development can increase the risk of intervertebral disc disease, due to the altered mechanics of the spine and joints.
Age
As dogs age, the intervertebral discs experience aging changes through wear and tear. They gradually degenerate over time. The risk of IVDD increases in older dogs. This is especially true for Type II IVDD.
Obesity
Excess body weight can place additional stress on the spine and intervertebral discs, increasing the risk of injury and degeneration.
Activity Level
Sudden movements and high-impact activities such as jumping and running can lead to disc injury. Dogs engaged in vigorous play, rolling about and roughhousing are at risk.
Previous Injuries
Any dogs with a history of trauma of any kind or any other spinal injury may be more susceptible to developing IVDD.
Clinical Signs of Intervertebral Disc Disease
The clinical signs seen with IVDD largely depend on the location and type of disc herniation present. It is important that owners are able to recognise the clinical signs of IVDD so that a diagnosis can be made and treatment can be started as quickly as possible. Common signs include:
- Limping
- Pain
- Weakness
- Panting
- Loss of coordination
- Hunched position
- Holding the head lower than usual
- Changes in gait
- Frequently falling over
- Dragging back legs
- Not able to jump up
- Reduced appetite
- Not drinking
- Unable to swat/cock leg to pass urine /feces
- Loss of control of bladder
- Loss of control of bowels
- Paralysis (complete or partial)
Diagnosis of IVDD
Your vet will start by performing a thorough physical exam and taking a clinical history. They will focus on any neurological deficits (nerve problems e.g. altered reflexes or reduced sensation) on the physical exam to assess the degree of impairment and determine which nerves may be affected. Your vet may want to perform some more diagnostic tests depending on the results of the clinical exam. These may include:
Radiographs (X-rays)
These can help identify changes in the bones of the spine but they do have limitations when looking at the intervertebral discs.
MRI or CT Scans
These imaging techniques provide a detailed view of the spinal cord and discs, allowing for a definitive diagnosis of IVDD.
Treatment
Treatment for IVDD varies greatly based on the severity of the condition, the dog’s overall health, and how bad the neurological damage is. Options include:
Conservative Management
For some cases where only mild clinical signs are present, conservative management may be recommended. This can include cage rest. This involves strict confinement in a small space to prevent further injury. Dogs may be let out for a toilet trip but walks should be kept to a minimum and the dog should always be kept on a lead. Other components of conservative management may include:
Medical Treatments
Medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, painkillers such as opioids, and muscle relaxants can help manage pain and inflammation.
Physical Therapy
Rehabilitation exercises and therapies, including hydrotherapy, can improve mobility and strengthen the back muscles.
Weight Management
Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce unnecessary stress on the spine and help with recovery.
Surgical Intervention
In cases where conservative treatment fails or if there are significant neurological issues, surgery may be necessary. This is sometimes an emergency procedure to prevent permanent damage from occurring.
The aim of the surgery is to allow your vet to assess the damage and to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord.
Common surgical procedures include:
Hemilaminectomy
This is the most common procedure for treating IVDD. Your vet will remove a portion of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and nerves.
Discectomy
In this procedure, your vet will remove the herniated disc material to alleviate pressure on the spinal cord.
Ventral Slot Procedure
This is often used for IVDD in the neck area (the cervical spine). Your vet will create a slot in the vertebrae to access the affected disc.
Spinal Stabilisation
In severe cases, additional procedures may be required to stabilise the spine using plates, screws, or other implants.
Post Surgical Care
After surgery, your dog will need careful monitoring. Rehabilitation will be required. This can be a lot for owners to take on. It is very important that you discuss everything with your vet before the surgery to make sure you give your dog the best chance of recovery. Follow-up care may include:
Pain Management
Use of pain medications as prescribed such as NSAIDs and opioids if necessary.
Physical Rehabilitation
Your vet will give you a tailored physiotherapy program that aims to restore mobility and strengthen muscles. Your vet will advise that you gradually reintroduce some light regular exercise.
Close monitoring
Your vet will discuss what you need to monitor for at home. This will include making sure the surgical wound is healing well and does not get infected as well as checking there is no recurrence of clinical signs.
Vet checks
It is important that you attend all vet appointments and follow the instructions and advice to give your furry friend the best chance of a good recovery.
Prognosis for dogs with Intervertebral disc disease?
The prognosis for dogs with IVDD will vary depending on a few factors. These include the location and severity of the disease, how quickly treatment is received, and the type of treatment given.
Luckily, lots of dogs respond well to treatment and will go on to regain full or near-full mobility. This is more likely to be the case when they receive veterinary attention early.
Sadly dogs with severe neurological issues usually have a less favourable outcome.
Is there a way to prevent Intervertebral disc disease?
While not all cases of IVDD can be prevented, several measures can help reduce the risk:
Maintaining a Healthy Weight
Regularly exercising your dog and feeding them a balanced diet can help keep them at an ideal weight. This can reduce unnecessary stress on the spine and other joints.
Limit High-Impact Activities
Be cautious with activities that could lead to injury, such as jumping from heights or rough play with other dogs.
Provide Support for Older Dogs
If you have an older dog, they may benefit from ramps when getting in and out of the car or climbing steps. Padded bedding can also help to ease stress on their joints and spine. This is especially important if you have an older dog that happens to be a breed genetically predisposed to IVDD.
Regular Vet Check-ups
Regular routine clinical exams can help flag up potential issues before they develop into serious conditions.
Final Thoughts
Intervertebral disc disease is a common but serious condition that can significantly impact a dog’s quality of life. Understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and being aware of the treatment options means that owners can give their furry friends the best chance of a successful recovery. Early intervention, whether through conservative management or surgical options, can lead to positive outcomes and allow dogs to enjoy active, happy lives.
If you notice any signs of discomfort or mobility issues in your dog, or if you have any other concerns about IVDD, always consult your vet, they will be happy to help.
Timely diagnosis and treatment are key to recovery with this disease.
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